第１章　病気のリスクから目を背けさせる５つのバイアス

「今は大丈夫」でも、もしかしてー

健康意識に関する調査. 厚生労働省. 2014; published online Aug. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/houdou/0000052548.html (accessed May 23, 2024).

バイアス①「年だから仕方ない」と思い込むー「年齢」バイアス

WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/data/data-collection-tools/study-on-global-ageing-and-adult-health (accessed May 23, 2024).

Angulo J, El Assar M, Álvarez-Bustos A, Rodríguez-Mañas L. Physical activity and exercise: Strategies to manage frailty. Redox Biol 2020; 35: 101513.

Khan SS, Singer BD, Vaughan DE. Molecular and physiological manifestations and measurement of aging in humans. Aging Cell 2017; 16: 624–33.

変形性膝関節症診療ガイドライン2023　監修　日本整形外科学会、編集　日本整形外科学会診療ガイドライン委員会、変形性膝関節症診療ガイドライン策定委員会　https://minds.jcqhc.or.jp/common/wp-content/plugins/pdfjs-viewer-shortcode/pdfjs/web/viewer.php?file=https://minds.jcqhc.or.jp/common/summary/pdf/c00793.pdf&dButton=false&pButton=false&oButton=false&sButton=true#zoom=auto&pagemode=none&_wpnonce=3b871a512b(accessed May 23, 2024).

Van den Bulck J. Adolescent use of mobile phones for calling and for sending text messages after lights out: results from a prospective cohort study with a one-year follow-up. Sleep 2007; 30: 1220–3.

Munezawa T, Kaneita Y, Osaki Y, et al. The association between use of mobile phones after lights out and sleep disturbances among Japanese adolescents: a nationwide cross-sectional survey. Sleep 2011; 34: 1013–20.

Exelmans L, Van den Bulck J. Bedtime mobile phone use and sleep in adults. Soc Sci Med 2016; 148: 93–101.

Carter B, Rees P, Hale L, Bhattacharjee D, Paradkar MS. Association Between Portable Screen-Based Media Device Access or Use and Sleep Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 2016; 170: 1202–8.

Moustakbal M, Maataoui SB. A cross-sectional study on sleep length, quality, and mobile phone use among Moroccan adolescents. Pan Afr Med J 2022; 41: 252.

Joshi SC. Sleep latency and sleep disturbances mediates the association between nighttime cell phone use and psychological well-being in college students. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2022; 20: 431–43.

AlShareef SM. The impact of bedtime technology use on sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness in adults. Sleep Sci 2022; 15: 318–27.

Taylor CR, Stern RS, Leyden JJ, Gilchrest BA. Photoaging/photodamage and photoprotection. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990; 22: 1–15.

Jenkins G. Molecular mechanisms of skin ageing. 2002 www.elsevier.com/locate/mechagedev.

Gilchrest BA. Skin aging and photoaging: An overview. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989; 21: 610–3.

Shanbhag S, Nayak A, Narayan R, Nayak UY. Anti-aging and Sunscreens: Paradigm Shift in Cosmetics. Adv Pharm Bull 2019; 9: 348–59.

バイアス②リスクを高める行動の影響は、遅れてやってくるー「タイムラグ」バイアス

Pleasants RA, Rivera MP, Tilley SL, Bhatt SP. Both Duration and Pack-Years of Tobacco Smoking Should Be Used for Clinical Practice and Research. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2020; 17: 804–6.

Tindle HA, Stevenson Duncan M, Greevy RA, et al. Lifetime Smoking History and Risk of Lung Cancer: Results From the Framingham Heart Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2018; 110: 1201–7.

Toumazis I, Bastani M, Han SS, Plevritis SK. Risk-Based lung cancer screening: A systematic review. Lung Cancer 2020; 147: 154–86.

Varghese J, Dakhode S. Effects of Alcohol Consumption on Various Systems of the Human Body: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2022; 14: e30057.

Lessler J, Reich NG, Brookmeyer R, Perl TM, Nelson KE, Cummings DAT. Incubation periods of acute respiratory viral infections: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 2009; 9: 291–300.

Allan GM, Arroll B. Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence. CMAJ 2014; 186: 190–9.

インフルエンザ　一般社団法人　日本呼吸器学会　https://www.jrs.or.jp/citizen/disease/a/a-01.html(accessed May 23, 2024).

SARS-CoV-2の変異株B.1.1.529系統（オミクロン株）の発症間隔の推定：暫定報告　https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/ja/2019-ncov/2551-cepr/10952-b11529-si.html#:~:text=%E3%81%A6%E6%8E%A8%E5%AE%9A%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%E3%80%82-,%E7%99%BA%E7%97%87%E9%96%93%E9%9A%94%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%80%A4%E3%81%AF2.6%E6%97%A5%EF%BC%8895%EF%BC%85,%E6%80%A7%E3%81%8C%E7%A4%BA%E5%94%86%E3%81%95%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B%E3%80%82(accessed May 23, 2024).

Wu Y, Kang L, Guo Z, Liu J, Liu M, Liang W. Incubation Period of COVID-19 Caused by Unique SARS-CoV-2 Strains: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5: e2228008.

Lebovitz HE: Management of hyperglycemia with oral antihypoglycemic agents in type2 diabetes. In Joslin’s Diabetes Mellitus 14th Ed. pp687-710 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2005.

Kendall DM, Cuddihy RM, Bergenstal RM. Clinical Application of Incretin-Based Therapy: Therapeutic Potential, Patient Selection and Clinical Use. American Journal of Medicine 2009; 122. DOI:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.03.015.

Lu Y, Pechlaner R, Cai J, et al. Trajectories of Age-Related Arterial Stiffness in Chinese Men and Women. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 75: 870–80.

Ibanez B, Fernández-Ortiz A, Fernández-Friera L, García-Lunar I, Andrés V, Fuster V. Progression of Early Subclinical Atherosclerosis (PESA) Study: JACC Focus Seminar 7/8. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 78: 156–79.

Ahmadi A, Argulian E, Leipsic J, Newby DE, Narula J. From Subclinical Atherosclerosis to Plaque Progression and Acute Coronary Events: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 74: 1608–17.

Skyler JS, Bakris GL, Bonifacio E, et al. Differentiation of Diabetes by Pathophysiology, Natural History, and Prognosis. Diabetes 2017; 66: 241–55.

Alejandro EU, Gregg B, Blandino-Rosano M, Cras-Méneur C, Bernal-Mizrachi E. Natural history of β-cell adaptation and failure in type 2 diabetes. Mol Aspects Med 2015; 42: 19–41.

日本糖尿病学会・日本糖尿病協会合同　アドボカシー活動　https://www.nittokyo.or.jp/modules/about/index.php?content_id=46(accessed May 23, 2024).

２０２３年改訂版　冠動脈疾患の一次予防に関する診療ガイドライン　一般社団法人　日本循環器学会　https://www.j-circ.or.jp/cms/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/JCS2023_fujiyoshi.pdf(accessed May 23, 2024).

バイアス③その瞬間の心地よさに“誘惑”されるー「快楽」バイアス

Wise RA, Robble MA. Dopamine and Addiction. Annu Rev Psychol 2020; 71: 79–106.

Lewis RG, Florio E, Punzo D, Borrelli E. The Brain’s Reward System in Health and Disease. Adv Exp Med Biol 2021; 1344: 57–69.

Swanson JA, Lee JW, Hopp JW, Berk LS. The impact of caffeine use on tobacco cessation and withdrawal. Addictive behaviors 1997; 22: 55–68.

Bordoni B, Marelli F, Bordoni G. A review of analgesic and emotive breathing: a multidisciplinary approach. J Multidiscip Healthc 2016; 9: 97–102.

Marques A, Marconcin P, Werneck AO, et al. Bidirectional Association between Physical Activity and Dopamine Across Adulthood-A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2021; 11. DOI:10.3390/brainsci11070829.

バイアス④人と比べ、引き合いに出すことで安心するー「比較・同調」バイアス

Wagner K-H, Brath H. A global view on the development of non communicable diseases. Prev Med (Baltim) 2012; 54 Suppl: S38-41.

Fuller J. Universal etiology, multifactorial diseases and the constitutive model of disease classification. Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci 2018; 67: 8–15.

Guerra JVS, Dias MMG, Brilhante AJVC, Terra MF, García-Arévalo M, Figueira ACM. Multifactorial Basis and Therapeutic Strategies in Metabolism-Related Diseases. Nutrients 2021; 13. DOI:10.3390/nu13082830.

Noncommunicable diseases　WHO　https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases(accessed May 23, 2024).

バイアス⑤「A判定」の診断結果に気が緩むー「異常なし」バイアス

健診･検診の考え方と特定健康診査における健診項目の位置づけについて 厚生労働省 https://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/05-Shingikai-10901000-Kenkoukyoku-Soumuka/0000124143.pdf(accessed May 24, 2024).

最新の科学的知見に基づいた保健事業に係る調査研究　厚生労働科学研究費補助金 行政政策研究分野 厚生労働科学特別研究　https://mhlw-grants.niph.go.jp/project/9261(accessed May 24, 2024).

中 山 健 夫　健診・保健指導の有効性に関する考察　日循予防誌 第42巻 第2号（2007年11月）https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjcdp2001/42/2/42_2_124/_pdf(accessed May 24, 2024).

Kherad O, Carneiro AV, Choosing wisely working group of the European Federation of Internal Medicine. General health check-ups: To check or not to check? A question of choosing wisely. Eur J Intern Med 2023; 109: 1–3.

Krogsbøll LT, Jørgensen KJ, Gøtzsche PC. General health checks in adults for reducing morbidity and mortality from disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 1: CD009009.

Birtwhistle R, Bell NR, Thombs BD, Grad R, Dickinson JA. Periodic preventive health visits: a more appropriate approach to delivering preventive services: From the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. Can Fam Physician 2017; 63: 824–6.

Bulliard J-L, Chiolero A. Screening and overdiagnosis: public health implications. Public Health Rev 2015; 36: 8.

Moynihan R, Doust J, Henry D. Preventing overdiagnosis: how to stop harming the healthy. BMJ 2012; 344: e3502.

Lu J. Ningen Dock: Japan’s unique comprehensive health checkup system for early detection of disease. Glob Health Med 2022; 4: 9–13.

Liss DT, Uchida T, Wilkes CL, Radakrishnan A, Linder JA. General Health Checks in Adult Primary Care: A Review. JAMA 2021; 325: 2294–306.

第２章　「病気のリスク」と「行動」の切り離せない関係

「病気と行動」は想像以上に複雑に絡み合っている

Prevalence and incidence of rare diseases:  Bibliographic data. Orphanet. 2022; published online Jan. https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/Education_Home.php?lng=EN (accessed May 24, 2024).

Dawkins HJS, Draghia-Akli R, Lasko P, et al. Progress in Rare Diseases Research 2010-2016: An IRDiRC Perspective. Clin Transl Sci 2018; 11: 11–20.

図①・②出典

人口動態調査. 厚生労働省. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/list/81-1a.html (accessed May 24, 2024).

令和２年（2020）人口動態統計（確定数）の概況. 厚生労働省. 2022. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/saikin/hw/jinkou/kakutei20/index.html (accessed May 24, 2024).

令和３年（2021）人口動態統計（確定数）の概況. 厚生労働省. 2023. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/saikin/hw/jinkou/kakutei21/index.html (accessed May 24, 2024).

介護保険制度の概要. 厚生労働省. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/hukushi_kaigo/kaigo_koureisha/gaiyo/index.html (accessed May 24, 2024).

国民生活基礎調査. 厚生労働省. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/list/20-21.html (accessed May 24, 2024).

国民生活基礎調査の概況　Ⅳ　介護の状況. 厚生労働省. 2020. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/saikin/hw/k-tyosa/k-tyosa19/dl/05.pdf (accessed May 24, 2024).

国民生活基礎調査の概況　Ⅲ　世帯員の健康状況. 厚生労働省. 2020. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/saikin/hw/k-tyosa/k-tyosa19/dl/04.pdf (accessed May 24, 2024).

Rains JC, Davis RE, Smitherman TA. Tension-type headache and sleep. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2015; 15: 520.

Hagen K, Åsberg AN, Stovner L, et al. Lifestyle factors and risk of migraine and tension-type headache. Follow-up data from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Surveys 1995-1997 and 2006-2008. Cephalalgia 2018; 38: 1919–26.

Sullivan DP, Martin PR, Boschen MJ. Psychological Sleep Interventions for Migraine and Tension-Type Headache: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sci Rep 2019; 9: 6411.

Robblee J, Starling AJ. SEEDS for success: Lifestyle management in migraine. Cleve Clin J Med 2019; 86: 741–9.

Andrijauskis D, Ciauskaite J, Vaitkus A, Pajediene E. Primary Headaches and Sleep Disturbances: A Cause or a Consequence? J Oral Facial Pain  Headache 2020; 34: 61–66.

Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Florencio LL, Plaza-Manzano G, Arias-Buría JL. Clinical Reasoning Behind Non-Pharmacological Interventions for the Management of Headaches: A Narrative Literature Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17. DOI:10.3390/ijerph17114126.

Rivera-Mancilla E, Al-Hassany L, Villalón CM, MaassenVanDenBrink A. Metabolic Aspects of Migraine: Association With Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus. Front Neurol 2021; 12: 686398.

Agbetou M, Adoukonou T. Lifestyle Modifications for Migraine Management. Front Neurol 2022; 13: 719467.

脳卒中レジストリを用いた我が国の脳卒中診療実態の把握（日本脳卒中データバンク）」報告書 2022年https://strokedatabank.ncvc.go.jp/f12kQnRl/wp-content/uploads/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%84%B3%E5%8D%92%E4%B8%AD%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A%E6%9B%B82022%E5%B9%B4_FIX.pdf (accessed May 24, 2024).

Sarikaya H, Ferro J, Arnold M. Stroke prevention–medical and lifestyle measures. Eur Neurol 2015; 73: 150–7.

Pandian JD, Gall SL, Kate MP, et al. Prevention of stroke: a global perspective. Lancet 2018; 392: 1269–78.

Caprio FZ, Sorond FA. Cerebrovascular Disease: Primary and Secondary Stroke Prevention. Medical Clinics of North America. 2019; 103: 295–308.

「認知症疾患診療ガイドライン」作成委員会, editor. 認知症疾患診療ガイドライン2017  . 医学書院 https://www.neurology-jp.org/guidelinem/degl/degl_2017_01.pdf (accessed May 24, 2024).

WHOガイドライン『認知機能低下および認知症のリスク低減』邦訳検討委員会. 認知機能低下および認知症のリスク低減　WHOガイドライン. 令和元年度　厚生労働省老人保健健康増進等事業「海外認知症予防ガイドラインの整理に関する調査研究事業」 https://www.jri.co.jp/MediaLibrary/file/column/opinion/detail/20200410_theme_t22.pdf (accessed May 24, 2024).

Livingston G, Sommerlad A, Orgeta V, et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. The Lancet. 2017; 390: 2673–734.

Ushigome R, Sakata Y, Nochioka K, et al. Temporal trends in clinical characteristics, management and prognosis of patients with symptomatic heart failure in Japan — report from the CHART Studies. Circ J 2015; 79: 2396–407.

日本循環器学会, 日本心不全学会, editors. 心筋症診療ガイドライン（2018年改訂版）, 更新版. 2021 https://www.j-circ.or.jp/cms/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/JCS2018_tsutsui_kitaoka.pdf (accessed May 24, 2024).

急性冠症候群ガイドライン（2018年改訂版）, 更新版. 日本循環器学会, 2022 https://www.j-circ.or.jp/cms/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/JCS2018_kimura.pdf (accessed May 24, 2024).

冠動脈疾患の一次予防に関する診療ガイドライン, 2023年改訂版. 日本循環器学会, 2023 https://www.j-circ.or.jp/cms/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/JCS2023_fujiyoshi.pdf (accessed May 24, 2024).

日本循環器学会, 日本心不全学会, editors. 2021年　JCS/JHFSガイドライン　急性・慢性心不全診療, フォーカスアップデート版. 2021 https://www.j-circ.or.jp/cms/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/JCS2021_Tsutsui.pdf (accessed May 24, 2024).

Reamy B V., Williams PM, Kuckel DP. Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Primary Care – Clinics in Office Practice. 2018; 45: 25–44.

Oh T, Kim D, Lee S, et al. Machine learning-based diagnosis and risk factor analysis of cardiocerebrovascular disease based on KNHANES. Sci Rep 2022; 12: 2250.

日本循環器学会, 日本心臓血管外科学会, 日本胸部外科学会, 日本血管外科学会, editors. 大動脈瘤・大動脈解離診療ガイドライン, 2020年改訂版. 2020 https://www.j-circ.or.jp/cms/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/JCS2020_Ogino.pdf (accessed May 24, 2024).

肝臓病の理解のために . 一般社団法人日本肝臓学会, 2020 https://www.jsh.or.jp/lib/files/citizens/booklet/understanding_liver_disease.pdf (accessed May 24, 2024).

令和２年（２０２０）患者調査の概況. 厚生労働省. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/saikin/hw/kanja/20/dl/toukei.pdf (accessed May 24, 2024).

Morizane Y, Morimoto N, Fujiwara A, et al. Incidence and causes of visual impairment in Japan: the first nation-wide complete enumeration survey of newly certified visually impaired individuals. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2019; 63: 26–33.

科学的根拠(evidence)に基づく 白内障診療ガイドラインの策定に関する研究. 2002 厚生科学研究費補助金 健康安全確保総合研究分野 医療技術評価総合研究事業 https://mhlw-grants.niph.go.jp/project/5031, https://mhlw-grants.niph.go.jp/system/files/2000/000156/200001150A/200001150A0001.pdf (accessed May 24, 2024).

Prokofyeva E, Wegener A, Zrenner E. Cataract prevalence and prevention in Europe: a literature review. Acta Ophthalmol 2013; 91: 395–405.

Modenese A, Korpinen L, Gobba F. Solar Radiation Exposure and Outdoor Work: An Underestimated Occupational Risk. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15. DOI:10.3390/ijerph15102063.

日本緑内障学会緑内障診療ガイドライン改訂委員会. 緑内障診療ガイドライン（第5版）. 日本眼科学会雑誌 2021; 126. https://www.ryokunaisho.jp/guidelines/data/5_guidelines_all (accessed May 24, 2024).

Coleman AL, Miglior S. Risk Factors for Glaucoma Onset and Progression. Surv Ophthalmol 2008; 53. DOI:10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.08.006.

Gupta D, Chen PP. Glaucoma. Am Fam Physician 2016; 93: 668–74.

Al-Zamil WM, Yassin SA. Recent developments in age-related macular degeneration: a review. Clin Interv Aging 2017; 12: 1313–30.

Mitchell P, Liew G, Gopinath B, Wong TY. Age-related macular degeneration. 2018 www.thelancet.com.

第２回 永久歯の抜歯原因調査. 平成30年11月 公益財団法人８０２０推進財団https://www.8020zaidan.or.jp/pdf/document-tooth-extraction-investigation-2nd.pdf (accessed May 24, 2024).

歯周治療のガイドライン2022 . 特定非営利活動法人 日本歯周病学会　https://www.perio.jp/publication/upload_file/guideline_perio_2022.pdf (accessed May 24, 2024).

う蝕治療ガイドライン , 第３版. 特定非営利活動法人　日本歯科保存学会http://www.hozon.or.jp/member/publication/guideline/file/guideline_2020.pdf (accessed May 24, 2024).

Furuta M, Takeuchi K, Takeshita T, et al. 10-year trend of tooth loss and associated factors in a Japanese population-based longitudinal study. BMJ Open 2021; 11: e048114.

Saito M, Shimazaki Y, Fukai K, et al. Risk factors for tooth loss in adult Japanese dental patients: 8020 Promotion Foundation Study. J Investig Clin Dent 2019; 10: e12392.

Kawahara H, Inoue M, Okura K, Oshima M, Matsuka Y. Risk Factors for Tooth Loss in Patients Undergoing Mid-Long-Term Maintenance: A Retrospective Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17. DOI:10.3390/ijerph17176258.

Inoue Y, Zaitsu T, Akiko O, et al. Association between exposure to secondhand smoking at home and tooth loss in Japan: A cross-sectional analysis of data from the 2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Tob Induc Dis 2021; 19: 96.

関　雅文. 成人肺炎診療ガイドライン2017のポイントと課題―最近のインフルエンザ診療の考え方も含めて―. 日本呼吸ケア・リハビリテーション学会誌 2019; 28: 174–8.

Mandell LA, Niederman MS. Aspiration Pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine 2019; 380: 651–63.

Rodriguez AE, Restrepo MI. New perspectives in aspiration community acquired Pneumonia. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2019; 12: 991–1002.

Ferreira-Coimbra J, Sarda C, Rello J. Burden of Community-Acquired Pneumonia and Unmet Clinical Needs. Adv Ther 2020; 37: 1302–18.

López-Campos JL, Tan W, Soriano JB. Global burden of COPD. Respirology 2016; 21: 14–23.

Vogelmeier CF, Criner GJ, Martinez FJ, et al. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2017 Report. GOLD Executive Summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195: 557–82.

Mirza S, Clay RD, Koslow MA, Scanlon PD. COPD Guidelines: A Review of the 2018 GOLD Report. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018; 93: 1488–502.

統計調査委員会. 2021年末の慢性透析患者に関する集計　第2章　2021年慢性透析患者の動態. 一般社団法人　日本透析医学会. 2021. https://docs.jsdt.or.jp/overview/file/2021/pdf/02.pdf (accessed May 24, 2024).

腎疾患対策検討会報告書　〜腎疾患対策の更なる推進を目指して〜. 2018 　腎疾患対策検討会. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/10901000/000332759.pdf (accessed May 24, 2024).

Kelly JT, Su G, Zhang L, et al. Modifiable Lifestyle Factors for Primary Prevention of CKD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32: 239–53.

Wakasugi M, Kazama JJ, Yamamoto S, Kawamura K, Narita I. A combination of healthy lifestyle factors is associated with a decreased incidence of chronic kidney disease: a population-based cohort study. Hypertens Res 2013; 36: 328–33.

Wakasugi M, Kazama J, Narita I, et al. Association between Overall Lifestyle Changes and the Incidence of Proteinuria: A Population-based, Cohort Study. Intern Med 2017; 56: 1475–84.

Zhu Y, Bu Y, Zhang G, et al. Association of physical activity with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Aging 2020; 12: 19221–32.

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理学療法ガイドライン 4.肩関節周囲炎, 第1版. 公益社団法人　日本理学療法士協会 https://www.jspt.or.jp/upload/jspt/obj/files/guideline/10_shoulder_periarthritis.pdf (accessed May 24, 2024).

Li W, Lu N, Xu H, Wang H, Huang J. Case control study of risk factors for frozen shoulder in China. Int J Rheum Dis 2015; 18: 508–13.

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Wang J-Y, Liaw C-K, Huang C-C, Liou T-H, Lin H-W, Huang S-W. Hyperlipidemia Is a Risk Factor of Adhesive Capsulitis: Real-World Evidence Using the Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database. Orthop J Sports Med 2021; 9: 2325967120986808.

変形性膝関節症の管理に関するOARSI勧告　OARSIによるエビデンスに基づくエキスパートコンセンサスガイドライン. 日本内科学会雑誌 2017; 106: 75–83.

理学療法ガイドライン 5.変形性膝関節症, 第1版. 公益社団法人　日本理学療法士協会 https://www.jspt.or.jp/upload/jspt/obj/files/guideline/11_gonarthrosis.pdf (accessed May 24, 2024).

Roos EM, Arden NK. Strategies for the prevention of knee osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2016; 12: 92–101.

日本整形外科学会診療ガイドライン委員会, 変形性股関節症診療ガイドライン策定委員会, editors. 変形性股関節症診療ガイドライン2016, 改訂第2版. 南江堂, 2016 https://minds.jcqhc.or.jp/common/wp-content/plugins/pdfjs-viewer-shortcode/pdfjs/web/viewer.php?file=https://minds.jcqhc.or.jp/common/summary/pdf/c00322.pdf&dButton=false&pButton=false&oButton=false&sButton=true#zoom=auto&pagemode=none&_wpnonce=3b871a512b, https://minds.jcqhc.or.jp/summary/c00322/(accessed May 24, 2024).

Neogi T, Zhang Y. Osteoarthritis prevention. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2011; 23: 185–91.

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Runhaar J, Bierma-Zeinstra SMA. The Challenges in the Primary Prevention of Osteoarthritis. Clin Geriatr Med 2022; 38: 259–71.

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科学的根拠に基づくがんリスク評価とがん予防ガイドライン提言に関する研究. 国立研究開発法人　国立がん研究センター　. https://epi.ncc.go.jp/can_prev/ (accessed May 24, 2024).

Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Sundaram C, et al. Cancer is a preventable disease that requires major lifestyle changes. Pharm Res 2008; 25: 2097–116.

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特定非営利活動法人日本高血圧学会, 特定非営利活動法人日本高血圧協会, 認定特定非営利活動法人ささえあい医療人権センターCOML, editors. 一般向け「高血圧治療ガイドライン2019」解説冊子　高血圧の話. 特定非営利活動法人日本高血圧学会, 2019 https://www.jpnsh.jp/data/jsh2019_gen.pdf (accessed May 24, 2024).

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Valenzuela PL, Carrera-Bastos P, Gálvez BG, et al. Lifestyle interventions for the prevention and treatment of hypertension. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021; 18: 251–75.

Lv Y, Jiang G, Tan X, Bao W, Chen L, Liu L. Association of Sleep Patterns and Lifestyles With Incident Hypertension: Evidence From a Large Population-Based Cohort Study. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9: 847452.

動脈硬化性疾患予防ガイドライン2022年版, 2022年版. 一般社団法人　日本動脈硬化学会, 2022 https://www.j-athero.org/jp/wp-content/uploads/publications/pdf/GL2022_s/jas_gl2022_220713.pdf (accessed May 24, 2024).

Na X, Chen Y, Ma X, et al. Relations of Lifestyle Behavior Clusters to Dyslipidemia in China: A Compositional Data Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18. DOI:10.3390/ijerph18157763.

Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J 2020; 41: 111–88.

Shubrook JH, Chen W, Lim A. Evidence for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Am Osteopath Assoc 2018; 118: 730–7.

Taylor R, Valabhji J, Aveyard P, Paul D. Prevention and reversal of Type 2 diabetes: highlights from a symposium at the 2019 Diabetes UK Annual Professional Conference. Diabetic Medicine. 2019; 36: 359–65.

図③出典

高血圧の話　一般向け「高血圧治療ガイドライン2019」解説冊子　特定非営利活動法人日本高血圧学会　特定非営利活動法人日本高血圧協会認定特定非営利活動法人ささえあい医療人権センターCOML　編　https://www.jpnsh.jp/data/jsh2019_gen.pdf(accessed May 24, 2024).

高血圧治療ガイドライン2019　図1-6　日本高血圧学会高血圧治療ガイドライン作成委員会　編、日本高血圧学会　発行　https://www.jpnsh.jp/data/jsh2019/JSH2019_noprint.pdf　(accessed May 24, 2024).

平成18年国民健康・栄養調査報告　結果の概要　第４部　生活習慣病等の状況　厚生労働省　https://www.mhlw.go.jp/bunya/kenkou/eiyou08/dl/01-kekka.pdf(accessed May 24, 2024).

平成２８年　国民健康・栄養調査　厚生労働省　https://www.mhlw.go.jp/bunya/kenkou/eiyou/dl/h28-houkoku-03.pdf(accessed May 24, 2024).

令和２年　患者調査の概況　総患者数　傷病分類別　厚生労働省　https://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/saikin/hw/kanja/20/index.html(accessed May 24, 2024).

令和2年 全国がん登録 罹患数・率 報告 CANCER INCIDENCE OF JAPAN 2020 　厚生労働省健康・生活衛生局がん・疾病対策課 https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/10900000/001231386.pdf(accessed May 24, 2024).

令和５年度老人保健事業推進費等補助金（老人保健健康増進等事業分）「認知症及び軽度認知障害の有病率調査並びに将来推計に関する研究」国立大学法人 九州大学　https://www.eph.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp/jpsc/uploads/resmaterials/0000000111.pdf?1715072186　(accessed May 24, 2024).

病気は想像以上に身近にあるー誰もが予備群候補生？！

図④出典

Kadomatsu Y, Tsukamoto M, Sasakabe T, et al. A risk score predicting new incidence of hypertension in Japan. J Hum Hypertens 2019; 33: 748–55.

Nanri A, Nakagawa T, Kuwahara K, et al. Correction: Development of Risk Score for Predicting 3-Year Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes: Japan Epidemiology Collaboration on Occupational Health Study. PLoS One 2018; 13: e0199075.

Nanri A, Nakagawa T, Kuwahara K, et al. Development of Risk Score for Predicting 3-Year Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes: Japan Epidemiology Collaboration on Occupational Health Study. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0142779.

Honda T, Chen S, Hata J, et al. Development and Validation of a Risk Prediction Model for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Japanese Adults: The Hisayama Study. J Atheroscler Thromb 2022; 29: 345–61.

Sasazuki S, Inoue M, Iwasaki M, et al. Combined impact of five lifestyle factors and subsequent risk of cancer: The Japan Public Health Center Study. Prev Med (Baltim) 2012; 54: 112–6.

Honda T, Ohara T, Yoshida D, et al. Development of a dementia prediction model for primary care: The Hisayama Study. Alzheimers Dement (Amst) 2021; 13: e12221.

図⑤出典

GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 2020; 396: 1223–49.

病気が「見えてくる」のは４０代からー診断された時＝早期ではない

図⑥出典

令和２年　患者調査の概況　厚生労働省　https://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/saikin/hw/kanja/20/index.html(accessed May 24, 2024).

病気の「その先にあるもの」にも目を向ける

Johnston MC, Crilly M, Black C, Prescott GJ, Mercer SW. Defining and measuring multimorbidity: A systematic review of systematic reviews. Eur J Public Health 2019; 29: 182–9.

Rajoo SS, Wee ZJ, Lee PSS, Wong FY, Lee ES. A Systematic Review of the Patterns of Associative Multimorbidity in Asia. Biomed Res Int 2021; 2021: 6621785.

Ho IS-S, Azcoaga-Lorenzo A, Akbari A, et al. Examining variation in the measurement of multimorbidity in research: a systematic review of 566 studies. Lancet Public Health 2021; 6: e587–97.

Masnoon N, Shakib S, Kalisch-Ellett L, Caughey GE. What is polypharmacy? A systematic review of definitions. BMC Geriatr 2017; 17: 230.

Pazan F, Wehling M. Polypharmacy in older adults: a narrative review of definitions, epidemiology and consequences. Eur Geriatr Med 2021; 12: 443–52.

Beezer J, Al Hatrushi M, Husband A, Kurdi A, Forsyth P. Polypharmacy definition and prevalence in heart failure: a systematic review. Heart Fail Rev 2022; 27: 465–92.

Kuriyama S, Hozawa A, Ohmori K, et al. Joint impact of health risks on health care charges: 7-year follow-up of National Health Insurance beneficiaries in Japan (the Ohsaki Study). Prev Med (Baltim) 2004; 39: 1194–9.

糖尿病になったらいくらかかる？. 創新社. https://dm-net.co.jp/seido/02/(accessed May 24, 2024).

発がんリスクの低減に資する効果的な禁煙推進のための環境整備と支援方策の開発ならびに普及のための制度化に関する研究　厚生労働科学研究費補助金 疾病・障害対策研究分野 第３次対がん総合戦略研究  https://mhlw-grants.niph.go.jp/project/22511(accessed May 24, 2024).

図⑦出典

高血圧治療ガイドライン 2019 日本高血圧学会高血圧治療ガイドライン作成委員会　編

日本糖尿病学会 編・著：糖尿病治療の手びき2020（改訂第58版）, p25, 南江堂, 2020

糖尿病合併症について　日本糖尿病学会　https://www.jds.or.jp/modules/citizen/index.php?content_id=3(accessed May 24, 2024).

図⑧出典

Gijsen R, Hoeymans N, Schellevis FG, Ruwaard D, Satariano WA, Van Den Bos GAM. Causes and consequences of comorbidity: A review. 2001 www.rivm.nl/public.

Nunes BP, Flores TR, Mielke GI, Thumé E, Facchini LA. Multimorbidity and mortality in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2016; 67: 130–8.

Kato D, Kawachi I, Saito J, Kondo N. Complex multimorbidity and mortality in Japan: a prospective propensity-matched cohort study. BMJ Open 2021; 11: e046749.

Kadam UT, Croft PR. Clinical multimorbidity and physical function in older adults: A record and health status linkage study in general practice. Fam Pract 2007; 24: 412–9.

Marengoni A, Angleman S, Melis R, et al. Aging with multimorbidity: A systematic review of the literature. Ageing Res Rev. 2011; 10: 430–9.

Ryan A, Wallace E, O’Hara P, Smith SM. Multimorbidity and functional decline in community-dwelling adults: a systematic review. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2015; 13: 168.

Fortin M, Lapointe L, Hudon C, Vanasse A, Ntetu AL, Maltais D. Multimorbidity and quality of life in primary care: a systematic review. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2004; 2: 51.

Kanesarajah J, Waller M, Whitty JA, Mishra GD. Multimorbidity and quality of life at mid-life: A systematic review of general population studies. Maturitas 2018; 109: 53–62.

Makovski TT, Schmitz S, Zeegers MP, Stranges S, van den Akker M. Multimorbidity and quality of life: Systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2019; 53. DOI:10.1016/j.arr.2019.04.005.

Wolff JL, Starfield B, Anderson G. Prevalence, Expenditures, and Complications of Multiple Chronic Conditions in the Elderly. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 2269–76.

Lehnert T, Heider D, Leicht H, et al. Health care utilization and costs of elderly persons with multiple chronic conditions. Medical Care Research and Review 2011; 68: 387–420.

France EF, Wyke S, Gunn JM, Mair FS, McLean G, Mercer SW. Multimorbidity in primary care: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Br J Gen Pract 2012; 62: e297-307.

Picco L, Achilla E, Abdin E, et al. Economic burden of multimorbidity among older adults: impact on healthcare and societal costs. BMC Health Serv Res 2016; 16: 173.

Wang L, Si L, Cocker F, Palmer AJ, Sanderson K. A Systematic Review of Cost-of-Illness Studies of Multimorbidity. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 2018; 16: 15–29.

Soley-Bori M, Ashworth M, Bisquera A, et al. Impact of multimorbidity on healthcare costs and utilisation: a systematic review of the UK literature. Br J Gen Pract 2021; 71: e39–46.

Kato D, Kawachi I, Saito J, Kondo N. Complex Multimorbidity and Incidence of Long-Term Care Needs in Japan: A Prospective Cohort Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18. DOI:10.3390/ijerph181910523.

Gould CE, O’Hara R, Goldstein MK, Beaudreau SA. Multimorbidity is associated with anxiety in older adults in the Health and Retirement Study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2016; 31: 1105–15.

Read JR, Sharpe L, Modini M, Dear BF. Multimorbidity and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2017; 221: 36–46.

Frazier SC. Health outcomes and polypharmacy in elderly individuals: an integrated literature review. J Gerontol Nurs 2005; 31: 4–11.

Jyrkkä J, Enlund H, Korhonen MJ, Sulkava R, Hartikainen S. Polypharmacy Status as an Indicator of Mortality in an Elderly Population. Drug and aging 2009; 26: 1039–48.

Gómez C, Vega-Quiroga S, Bermejo-Pareja F, Medrano MJ, Louis ED, Benito-León J. Polypharmacy in the Elderly: A Marker of Increased Risk of Mortality in a Population-Based Prospective Study (NEDICES). Gerontology 2015; 61: 301–9.

Chang TI, Park H, Kim DW, et al. Polypharmacy, hospitalization, and mortality risk: a nationwide cohort study. Sci Rep 2020; 10: 18964.

Davies LE, Spiers G, Kingston A, Todd A, Adamson J, Hanratty B. Adverse Outcomes of Polypharmacy in Older People: Systematic Review of Reviews. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2020; 21: 181–7.

Abe N, Kakamu T, Kumagai T, et al. Polypharmacy at admission prolongs length of hospitalization in gastrointestinal surgery patients. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 1085–90.

Gnjidic D, Hilmer SN, Blyth FM, et al. High-risk prescribing and incidence of frailty among older community-dwelling men. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2012; 91: 521–8.

Gnjidic D, Le Couteur DG, Abernethy DR, Hilmer SN. Drug burden index and beers criteria: impact on functional outcomes in older people living in self-care retirement villages. J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 52: 258–65.

Nguyen JK, Fouts MM, Kotabe SE, Lo E. Polypharmacy as a risk factor for adverse drug reactions in geriatric nursing home residents. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2006; 4: 36–41.

Jano E, Aparasu RR. Healthcare outcomes associated with Beers’ criteria: A systematic review. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2007; 41: 438–48.

Qato DM, Alexander GC, Conti RM, Johnson M, Schumm P, Lindau ST. Use of prescription and over-the-counter medications and dietary supplements among older adults in the United States. JAMA 2008; 300: 2867–78.

Ahmed B, Nanji K, Mujeeb R, Patel MJ. Effects of polypharmacy on adverse drug reactions among geriatric outpatients at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi: a prospective cohort study. PLoS One 2014; 9: e112133.

Akazawa M, Imai H, Igarashi A, Tsutani K. Potentially inappropriate medication use in elderly Japanese patients. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2010; 8: 146–60.

第３章　病気のリスクを減らす１０の習慣

普段の行動の見直しが、病気のリスクを引き下げる

図⑨出典

Kadomatsu Y, Tsukamoto M, Sasakabe T, et al. A risk score predicting new incidence of hypertension in Japan. J Hum Hypertens 2019; 33: 748–55.

Nanri A, Nakagawa T, Kuwahara K, et al. Correction: Development of Risk Score for Predicting 3-Year Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes: Japan Epidemiology Collaboration on Occupational Health Study. PLoS One 2018; 13: e0199075.

Nanri A, Nakagawa T, Kuwahara K, et al. Development of Risk Score for Predicting 3-Year Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes: Japan Epidemiology Collaboration on Occupational Health Study. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0142779.

Honda T, Chen S, Hata J, et al. Development and Validation of a Risk Prediction Model for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Japanese Adults: The Hisayama Study. J Atheroscler Thromb 2022; 29: 345–61.

Sasazuki S, Inoue M, Iwasaki M, et al. Combined impact of five lifestyle factors and subsequent risk of cancer: The Japan Public Health Center Study. Prev Med (Baltim) 2012; 54: 112–6.

Honda T, Ohara T, Yoshida D, et al. Development of a dementia prediction model for primary care: The Hisayama Study. Alzheimers Dement (Amst) 2021; 13: e12221.

習慣①　喫煙ーたばこの煙・蒸気と距離をとる

2022（令和４）年　国民生活基礎調査の概況. 厚生労働省. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/saikin/hw/k-tyosa/k-tyosa22/index.html(accessed May 24, 2024).

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Bellamri M, Walmsley SJ, Brown C, et al. DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress of Tobacco Smoke Condensate in Human Bladder Epithelial Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35: 1863–80.

Hoffmann D, Hoffmann I, El-Bayoumy K. The less harmful cigarette: a controversial issue. a tribute to Ernst L. Wynder. Chem Res Toxicol 2001; 14: 767–90.

Münzel T, Hahad O, Kuntic M, Keaney JF, Deanfield JE, Daiber A. Effects of tobacco cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and waterpipe smoking on endothelial function and clinical outcomes. Eur Heart J 2020; 41: 4057–70.

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Chakravarthy U, Wong TY, Fletcher A, et al. Clinical risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Ophthalmol 2010; 10: 31.

Cong R, Zhou B, Sun Q, Gu H, Tang N, Wang B. Smoking and the risk of age-related macular degeneration: a meta-analysis. Ann Epidemiol 2008; 18: 647–56.

Beltrán-Zambrano E, García-Lozada D, Ibáñez-Pinilla E. Risk of cataract in smokers: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2019; 94: 60–74.

Nita M, Grzybowski A. Smoking and Eye Pathologies. A Systemic Review. Part I. Anterior Eye Segment Pathologies. Curr Pharm Des 2017; 23: 629–38.

Ye J, He J, Wang C, et al. Smoking and risk of age-related cataract: a meta-analysis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53: 3885–95.

Wakai K, Inoue M, Mizoue T, et al. Tobacco smoking and lung cancer risk: an evaluation based on a systematic review of epidemiological evidence among the Japanese population. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2006; 36: 309–24.

Hori M, Tanaka H, Wakai K, Sasazuki S, Katanoda K. Secondhand smoke exposure and risk of lung cancer in Japan: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2016; 46: 942–51.

Kim Y, Lee K. Quantification of Outdoor Tobacco Smoke Exposure at Outdoor Smoking Facilities. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23: 1507–11.

Hwang J, Lee K. Determination of outdoor tobacco smoke exposure by distance from a smoking source. Nicotine Tob Res 2014; 16: 478–84.

Sureda X, Fernández E, López MJ, Nebot M. Secondhand tobacco smoke exposure in open and semi-open settings: a systematic review. Environ Health Perspect 2013; 121: 766–73.

Matt GE, Quintana PJE, Zakarian JM, et al. When smokers quit: exposure to nicotine and carcinogens persists from thirdhand smoke pollution. Tob Control 2016; 26: 548–56.

Hang B, Mao J-H, Snijders AM. Genetic Susceptibility to Thirdhand-Smoke-Induced Lung Cancer Development. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21: 1294–6.

Kuo H-W, Rees VW. Third-hand smoke (THS): What is it and what should we do about it? J Formos Med Assoc 2019; 118: 1478–9.

Ferrante G, Simoni M, Cibella F, et al. Third-hand smoke exposure and health hazards in children. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2013; 79: 38–43.

Northrup TF, Stotts AL, Suchting R, et al. Thirdhand Smoke Contamination and Infant Nicotine Exposure in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: An Observational Study. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23: 373–82.

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Hang B, Sarker AH, Havel C, et al. Thirdhand smoke causes DNA damage in human cells. Mutagenesis 2013; 28: 381–91.

He L, Zhou Y-X, Zhang Y, et al. Thirdhand cigarette smoke leads to age-dependent and persistent alterations in the cecal microbiome of mice. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10: e1198.

Hang B, Wang Y, Huang Y, et al. Short-term early exposure to thirdhand cigarette smoke increases lung cancer incidence in mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132: 475–88.

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Acuff L, Fristoe K, Hamblen J, Smith M, Chen J. Third-Hand Smoke: Old Smoke, New Concerns. J Community Health 2016; 41: 680–7.

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Awan KH, Siddiqi K, Patil S, Hussain QA. Assessing the Effect of Waterpipe Smoking on Cancer Outcome – a Systematic Review of Current Evidence. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18: 495–502.

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Rogers I, Memon A, Paudyal P. Association between Smokeless Tobacco Use and Waterpipe Smoking and the Risk of Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Current Epidemiological Evidence. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2022; 23: 1451–63.

MacDonald A, Middlekauff HR. Electronic cigarettes and cardiovascular health: what do we know so far? Vasc Health Risk Manag 2019; 15: 159–74.

Navas-Acien A, Martinez-Morata I, Hilpert M, Rule A, Shimbo D, LoIacono NJ. Early Cardiovascular Risk in E-cigarette Users: the Potential Role of Metals. Curr Environ Health Rep 2020; 7: 353–61.

Thirión-Romero I, Pérez-Padilla R, Zabert G, Barrientos-Gutiérrez I. RESPIRATORY IMPACT OF ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES AND ‘LOW-RISK’ TOBACCO. Rev Invest Clin 2019; 71: 17–27.

Bravo-Gutiérrez OA, Falfán-Valencia R, Ramírez-Venegas A, Sansores RH, Ponciano-Rodríguez G, Pérez-Rubio G. Lung Damage Caused by Heated Tobacco Products and Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18. DOI:10.3390/ijerph18084079.

Ramôa CP, Eissenberg T, Sahingur SE. Increasing popularity of waterpipe tobacco smoking and electronic cigarette use: Implications for oral healthcare. J Periodontal Res 2017; 52: 813–23.

Tomar SL, Hecht SS, Jaspers I, Gregory RL, Stepanov I. Oral Health Effects of Combusted and Smokeless Tobacco Products. Adv Dent Res 2019; 30: 4–10.

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Eltorai AE, Choi AR, Eltorai AS. Impact of Electronic Cigarettes on Various Organ Systems. Respir Care 2019; 64: 328–36.

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Marques P, Piqueras L, Sanz M-J. An updated overview of e-cigarette impact on human health. Respir Res 2021; 22: 151.

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図⑩・⑪出典

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習慣②　体重管理ー「適正な体重＆お腹周り」をキープする

Zhang X, Ha S, Lau HC-H, Yu J. Excess body weight: Novel insights into its roles in obesity comorbidities. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 92: 16–27.

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宮崎 滋. 診療ガイドラインat a glance 肥満症ガイドライン2016. 日本内科学会雑誌 2018; 107: 262–8.

高齢者肥満症診療ガイドライン2018. 日本老年医学会雑誌 2018; 55: 464–538.

Segula D. Complications of obesity in adults: a short review of the literature. Malawi Med J 2014; 26: 20–4.

Kalish VB. Obesity in Older Adults. Primary Care – Clinics in Office Practice. 2016; 43: 137–44.

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宮澤 克人, 鈴木 孝治. 診療ガイドライン at a glance 尿路結石症診療ガイドライン2013年版. 日本内科学会雑誌 2017; 106: 994–9.

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Carbone A, Al Salhi Y, Tasca A, et al. Obesity and kidney stone disease: a systematic review. Minerva Urol Nefrol 2018; 70: 393–400.

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Lee J, Cho YK, Kang YM, et al. The Impact of NAFLD and Waist Circumference Changes on Diabetes Development in Prediabetes Subjects. Sci Rep 2019; 9: 17258.

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Li K, Feng T, Wang L, et al. Causal associations of waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio with type II diabetes mellitus: new evidence from Mendelian randomization. Molecular Genetics and Genomics 2021; 296: 605–13.

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Yamazaki Y, Fujihara K, Sato T, et al. Usefulness of New Criteria for Metabolic Syndrome Optimized for Prediction of Cardiovascular Diseases in Japanese. J Atheroscler Thromb 2024; 31: 382–95.

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図⑬出典

メタボリックシンドローム診断基準検討委員会. メタボリックシンドロームの定義と診断基準. 日本内科学会雑誌 2005; 94. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/naika1913/94/4/94_4_794/_pdf/-char/ja (accessed May 28, 2024).

肥満症診療ガイドライン2022　日本肥満学会　http://www.jasso.or.jp/contents/magazine/journal.html (accessed May 28, 2024) 　　　

習慣③　食事ー「食塩を控えた健康的な食」を心がける

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He FJ, Tan M, Ma Y, MacGregor GA. Salt Reduction to Prevent Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 75: 632–47.

Hunter RW, Dhaun N, Bailey MA. The impact of excessive salt intake on human health. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2022; 18: 321–35.

Patel Y, Joseph J. Sodium Intake and Heart Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21. DOI:10.3390/ijms21249474.

Kotchen TA, Cowley AW, Frohlich ED. Salt in Health and Disease — A Delicate Balance. New England Journal of Medicine 2013; 368: 1229–37.

Jaques DA, Wuerzner G, Ponte B. Sodium Intake as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13. DOI:10.3390/nu13093177.

Farquhar WB, Edwards DG, Jurkovitz CT, Weintraub WS. Dietary sodium and health: more than just blood pressure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65: 1042–50.

Kotchen TA, Cowley AW, Frohlich ED. Salt in Health and Disease — A Delicate Balance. New England Journal of Medicine 2013; 368: 1229–37.

Banda KJ, Chiu HY, Hu SH, Yeh HC, Lin KC, Huang HC. Associations of dietary carbohydrate and salt consumption with esophageal cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutr Rev 2020; 78: 688–98.

Wu B, Yang D, Yang S, Zhang G. Dietary Salt Intake and Gastric Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Nutr 2021; 8: 801228.

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Tsugane S, Sasazuki S, Kobayashi M, Sasaki S. Salt and salted food intake and subsequent risk of gastric cancer among middle-aged Japanese men and women. Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 128–34.

Robinson AT, Edwards DG, Farquhar WB. The Influence of Dietary Salt Beyond Blood Pressure. Curr Hypertens Rep 2019; 21: 42.

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Kim Y, Je Y. Dairy consumption and risk of metabolic syndrome: A meta-analysis. Diabetic Medicine 2016; 33: 428–40.

Lee M, Lee H, Kim J. Dairy food consumption is associated with a lower risk of the metabolic syndrome and its components: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Nutrition. 2018; 120: 373–84.

Kabisch S, Meyer NMT, Honsek C, et al. Fasting Glucose State Determines Metabolic Response to Supplementation with Insoluble Cereal Fibre: A Secondary Analysis of the Optimal Fibre Trial (OptiFiT). Nutrients 2019; 11. DOI:10.3390/nu11102385.

Mena-Sánchez G, Becerra-Tomás N, Babio N, Salas-Salvadó J. Dairy Product Consumption in the Prevention of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Adv Nutr 2019; 10: S144–53.

Aune D, Norat T, Romundstad P, Vatten LJ. Dairy products and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2013; 98: 1066–83.

Alvarez-Bueno C, Cavero-Redondo I, Martinez-Vizcaino V, Sotos-Prieto M, Ruiz JR, Gil A. Effects of Milk and Dairy Product Consumption on Type 2 Diabetes: Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Adv Nutr 2019; 10: S154–63.

Poddar KH, Hosig KW, Nickols-Richardson SM, Anderson ES, Herbert WG, Duncan SE. Low-Fat Dairy Intake and Body Weight and Composition Changes in College Students. J Am Diet Assoc 2009; 109: 1433–8.

Ilich JZ, Kelly OJ, Liu P-Y, et al. Role of Calcium and Low-Fat Dairy Foods in Weight-Loss Outcomes Revisited: Results from the Randomized Trial of Effects on Bone and Body Composition in Overweight/Obese Postmenopausal Women. Nutrients 2019; 11. DOI:10.3390/nu11051157.

Yang M, Kenfield SA, Van Blarigan EL, et al. Dairy intake after prostate cancer diagnosis in relation to disease-specific and total mortality. Int J Cancer 2015; 137: 2462–9.

Tat D, Kenfield SA, Cowan JE, et al. Milk and other dairy foods in relation to prostate cancer recurrence: Data from the cancer of the prostate strategic urologic research endeavor (CaPSURE^TM). Prostate 2018; 78: 32–9.

図⑭出典

食品表示法に基づく栄養成分表示のためのガイドライン　第４版令和４年５月消費者庁 https://www.caa.go.jp/policies/policy/food_labeling/nutrient_declearation/business/assets/food_labeling_cms206_20220531_08.pdf(accessed May 28, 2024).

図⑮出典

日本人の食事摂取基準（2020年版）. 厚生労働省. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/kenkou_iryou/kenkou/eiyou/syokuji_kijyun.html(accessed May 28, 2024).

習慣④　身体活動ー座る時間を減らし、動く時間を増やす

健康づくりのための⾝体活動‧運動ガイド2023 厚⽣労働省https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/kenkou_iryou/kenkou/undou/index.html(accessed May 28, 2024).

Physical Activity WHO https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity(accessed May 28, 2024).

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Diaz KM, Duran AT, Colabianchi N, Judd SE, Howard VJ, Hooker SP. Potential Effects on Mortality of Replacing Sedentary Time With Short Sedentary Bouts or Physical Activity: A National Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol 2019; 188: 537–44.

Millard LAC, Tilling K, Gaunt TR, Carslake D, Lawlor DA. Association of physical activity intensity and bout length with mortality: An observational study of 79,503 UK Biobank participants. PLoS Med 2021; 18: e1003757.

Lavie CJ, Ozemek C, Carbone S, Katzmarzyk PT, Blair SN. Sedentary Behavior, Exercise, and Cardiovascular Health. Circ Res. 2019; 124: 799–815.

Bellettiere J, LaMonte MJ, Evenson KR, et al. Sedentary behavior and cardiovascular disease in older women: The Objective Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health (OPACH) Study. Circulation 2019; 139: 1036–46.

Qi Q, Strizich G, Merchant G, et al. Objectively Measured Sedentary Time and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in US Hispanic/Latino Adults: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). Circulation 2015; 132: 1560–9.

Hooker SP, Diaz KM, Blair SN, et al. Association of Accelerometer-Measured Sedentary Time and Physical Activity With Risk of Stroke Among US Adults. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5: e2215385.

Patel A V, Friedenreich CM, Moore SC, et al. American College of Sports Medicine Roundtable Report on Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Cancer Prevention and Control. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51: 2391–402.

Gilchrist SC, Howard VJ, Akinyemiju T, et al. Association of Sedentary Behavior With Cancer Mortality in Middle-aged and Older US Adults. JAMA Oncol 2020; 6: 1210–7.

Hermelink R, Leitzmann MF, Markozannes G, et al. Sedentary behavior and cancer-an umbrella review and meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol 2022; 37: 447–60.

Diaz KM, Goldsmith J, Greenlee H, et al. Prolonged, Uninterrupted Sedentary Behavior and Glycemic Biomarkers Among US Hispanic/Latino Adults: The HCHS/SOL (Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos). Circulation 2017; 136: 1362–73.

Cavallo FR, Golden C, Pearson-Stuttard J, Falconer C, Toumazou C. The association between sedentary behaviour, physical activity and type 2 diabetes markers: A systematic review of mixed analytic approaches. PLoS One 2022; 17: e0268289.

Chen S, Chen T, Kishimoto H, Yatsugi H, Kumagai S. Associations of Objectively Measured Patterns of Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity with Frailty Status Screened by The Frail Scale in Japanese Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Sports Sci Med 2020; 19: 166–74.

Rojer AGM, Ramsey KA, Amaral Gomes ES, et al. Objectively assessed physical activity and sedentary behavior and global cognitive function in older adults: a systematic review. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 198: 111524.

Huang SY, Li YZ, Zhang YR, et al. Sleep, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and risk of incident dementia: a prospective cohort study of 431,924 UK Biobank participants. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27: 4343–54.

de Rezende LFM, Rodrigues Lopes M, Rey-López JP, Matsudo VKR, Luiz O do C. Sedentary behavior and health outcomes: an overview of systematic reviews. PLoS One 2014; 9: e105620.

Biswas A, Oh PI, Faulkner GE, et al. Sedentary time and its association with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015; 162: 123–32.

Park JH, Moon JH, Kim HJ, Kong MH, Oh YH. Sedentary Lifestyle: Overview of Updated Evidence of Potential Health Risks. Korean J Fam Med 2020; 41: 365–73.

Kinoshita K, Ozato N, Yamaguchi T, et al. Association of sedentary behaviour and physical activity with cardiometabolic health in Japanese adults. Sci Rep 2022; 12: 2262.

Patterson R, McNamara E, Tainio M, et al. Sedentary behaviour and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose response meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol 2018; 33: 811–29.

628     Ekelund U, Brown WJ, Steene-Johannessen J, et al. Do the associations of sedentary behaviour with cardiovascular disease mortality and cancer mortality differ by physical activity level? A systematic review and harmonised meta-analysis of data from 850 060 participants. Br J Sports Med 2019; 53: 886–94.

Xu C, Furuya-Kanamori L, Liu Y, et al. Sedentary Behavior, Physical Activity, and All-Cause Mortality: Dose-Response and Intensity Weighted Time-Use Meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2019; 20: 1206-1212.e3.

Salinas-Rodríguez A, Manrique-Espinoza B, Palazuelos-González R, Rivera-Almaraz A, Jáuregui A. Physical activity and sedentary behavior trajectories and their associations with quality of life, disability, and all-cause mortality. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2022; 19: 13.

Zhou W, Yan W, Wang T, et al. Independent and joint association of physical activity and sedentary behavior on all-cause mortality. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 134: 2857–64.

Zhao M, Veeranki SP, Li S, Steffen LM, Xi B. Beneficial associations of low and large doses of leisure time physical activity with all-cause, cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality: a national cohort study of 88,140 US adults. Br J Sports Med 2019; 53: 1405–11.

Andersen K, Mariosa D, Adami HO, et al. Dose-response relationship of total and leisure time physical activity to risk of heart failure a prospective cohort study. Circ Heart Fail 2014; 7: 701–8.

Pandey A, Garg S, Khunger M, et al. Dose-Response Relationship Between Physical Activity and Risk of Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis. Circulation 2015; 132: 1786–94.

Sattelmair J, Pertman J, Ding EL, Kohl HW, Haskell W, Lee I-M. Dose response between physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Circulation 2011; 124: 789–95.

He D, Xi B, Xue J, Huai P, Zhang M, Li J. Association between leisure time physical activity and metabolic syndrome: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Endocrine 2014; 46: 231–40.

Zhang D, Liu X, Liu Y, et al. Leisure-time physical activity and incident metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Metabolism. 2017; 75: 36–44.

Li Y, Gu M, Jing F, et al. Association between physical activity and all cancer mortality: Dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int J Cancer 2016; 138: 818–32.

Li T, Wei S, Shi Y, et al. The dose-response effect of physical activity on cancer mortality: findings from 71 prospective cohort studies. Br J Sports Med 2016; 50: 339–45.

Matthews CE, Moore SC, Arem H, et al. Amount and Intensity of Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Lower Cancer Risk. J Clin Oncol 2020; 38: 686–97.

Aune D, Norat T, Leitzmann M, Tonstad S, Vatten LJ. Physical activity and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol 2015; 30: 529–42.

Smith AD, Crippa A, Woodcock J, Brage S. Physical activity and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Diabetologia 2016; 59: 2527–45.

Liu X, Zhang D, Liu Y, et al. Dose-Response Association between Physical Activity and Incident Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. Hypertension 2017; 69: 813–20.

Xu W, Wang HF, Wan Y, Tan C-C, Yu J-T, Tan L. Leisure time physical activity and dementia risk: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ Open 2017; 7: e014706.

Sanders LMJ, Hortobágyi T, la Bastide-van Gemert S, van der Zee EA, van Heuvelen MJG. Dose-response relationship between exercise and cognitive function in older adults with and without cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14: e0210036.

Boongird P, Chamnan P, Laptikultham S, et al. Dose–response relationship between physical exercise and risk of physician-diagnosed dementia in 206 073 Thai community-dwelling men and women: HCUR study. Eur J Neurol 2020; 27: 1879–86.

Petermann-Rocha F, Lyall DM, Gray SR, et al. Dose-response association between device-measured physical activity and incident dementia: a prospective study from UK Biobank. BMC Med 2021; 19: 305.

Aghjayan SL, Bournias T, Kang C, et al. Aerobic exercise improves episodic memory in late adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Communications medicine 2022; 2: 15.

Wu W, Ding D, Zhao Q, et al. Dose-response relationship between late-life physical activity and incident dementia: A pooled analysis of 10 cohort studies of memory in an international consortium. Alzheimer’s and Dementia 2023; 19: 107–22.

Kim SY, Jeon SW, Shin DW, Oh KS, Shin YC, Lim SW. Association between physical activity and depressive symptoms in general adult populations: An analysis of the dose-response relationship. Psychiatry Res 2018; 269: 258–63.

Kim S-Y, Jeon S-W, Lee MY, et al. The Association between Physical Activity and Anxiety Symptoms for General Adult Populations: An Analysis of the Dose-Response Relationship. Psychiatry Investig 2020; 17: 29–36.

Guo Z, Li R, Lu S. Leisure-time physical activity and risk of depression: A dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Medicine 2022; 101: e29917.

Kyu HH, Bachman VF, Alexander LT, et al. Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. BMJ 2016; 354: i3857.

Warburton DER, Bredin SSD. Health benefits of physical activity: A systematic review of current systematic reviews. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2017; 32: 541–56.

Frank HR, Mulder H, Sriram K, et al. The Dose–Response Relationship Between Physical Activity and Cardiometabolic Health in Young Adults. Journal of Adolescent Health 2020; 67: 201–8.

Sriram K, Mulder HS, Frank HR, et al. The Dose-Response Relationship Between Physical Activity and Cardiometabolic Health in Adolescents. Am J Prev Med 2021; 60: 95–103.

Jakicic JM, Kraus WE, Powell KE, et al. Association between Bout Duration of Physical Activity and Health: Systematic Review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51: 1213–9.

Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, et al. World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54: 1451–62.

e-ヘルスネット　レジスタンス運動. 厚生労働省. https://www.e-healthnet.mhlw.go.jp/information/dictionary/exercise/ys-058.html (accessed May 28, 2024).

Giovannucci EL, Rezende LFM, Lee DH. Muscle-strengthening activities and risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer and mortality: A review of prospective cohort studies. J Intern Med. 2021; 290: 789–805.

Momma H, Kawakami R, Honda T, Sawada SS. Muscle-strengthening activities are associated with lower risk and mortality in major non-communicable diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Sports Med 2022; 56: 755–63.

Shailendra P, Baldock KL, Li LSK, Bennie JA, Boyle T. Resistance Training and Mortality Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Prev Med. 2022; 63: 277–85.

Zunner BEM, Wachsmuth NB, Eckstein ML, et al. Myokines and Resistance Training: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23. DOI:10.3390/ijms23073501.

Gomarasca M, Banfi G, Lombardi G. Myokines: The endocrine coupling of skeletal muscle and bone. Adv Clin Chem 2020; 94: 155–218.

Huh JY. The role of exercise-induced myokines in regulating metabolism. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41: 14–29.

Corrigendum to: ‘Muscle-Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines’. Endocr Rev 2021; 42: 97–9.

McGowan CJ, Pyne DB, Thompson KG, Rattray B. Warm-Up Strategies for Sport and Exercise: Mechanisms and Applications. Sports Med 2015; 45: 1523–46.

Behm DG, Blazevich AJ, Kay AD, McHugh M. Acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance, range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals: a systematic review. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41: 1–11.

Ding L, Luo J, Smith DM, et al. Effectiveness of Warm-Up Intervention Programs to Prevent Sports Injuries among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19. DOI:10.3390/ijerph19106336.

D’Aurea CVR, Poyares D, Passos GS, et al. Effects of resistance exercise training and stretching on chronic insomnia. Braz J Psychiatry 2019; 41: 51–7.

Sudo M, Ando S. Effects of Acute Stretching on Cognitive Function and Mood States of Physically Inactive Young Adults. Percept Mot Skills 2020; 127: 142–53.

McHugh MP, Cosgrave CH. To stretch or not to stretch: the role of stretching in injury prevention and performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010; 20: 169–81.

Simic L, Sarabon N, Markovic G. Does pre-exercise static stretching inhibit maximal muscular performance? A meta-analytical review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2013; 23: 131–48.

Morton SK, Whitehead JR, Brinkert RH, Caine DJ. Resistance training vs. static stretching: effects on flexibility and strength. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25: 3391–8.

Konrad A, Stafilidis S, Tilp M. Effects of acute static, ballistic, and PNF stretching exercise on the muscle and tendon tissue properties. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 27: 1070–80.

Behm DG, Chaouachi A. A review of the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111: 2633–51.

Kallerud H, Gleeson N. Effects of stretching on performances involving stretch-shortening cycles. Sports Med 2013; 43: 733–50.

Chaabene H, Behm DG, Negra Y, Granacher U. Acute Effects of Static Stretching on Muscle Strength and Power: An Attempt to Clarify Previous Caveats. Front Physiol 2019; 10: 1468.

Behm DG, Alizadeh S, Daneshjoo A, Konrad A. Potential Effects of Dynamic Stretching on Injury Incidence of Athletes: A Narrative Review of Risk Factors. Sports Med 2023; 53: 1359–73.

Blazevich AJ, Gill ND, Kvorning T, et al. No Effect of Muscle Stretching within a Full, Dynamic Warm-up on Athletic Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50: 1258–66.

Bacurau RFP, Monteiro GA, Ugrinowitsch C, Tricoli V, Cabral LF, Aoki MS. Acute effect of a ballistic and a static stretching exercise bout on flexibility and maximal strength. J Strength Cond Res 2009; 23: 304–8.

Kay AD, Blazevich AJ. Effect of acute static stretch on maximal muscle performance: a systematic review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44: 154–64.

Arntz F, Markov A, Behm DG, et al. Chronic Effects of Static Stretching Exercises on Muscle Strength and Power in Healthy Individuals Across the Lifespan: A Systematic Review with Multi-level Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53: 723–45.

図⑯出典

Bauman A, Ainsworth BE, Sallis JF, et al. The descriptive epidemiology of sitting. A 20-country comparison using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Am J Prev Med 2011; 41: 228–35.

図⑰出典

健康づくりのための⾝体活動‧運動ガイド2023 厚⽣労働省https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/kenkou_iryou/kenkou/undou/index.html(accessed May 28, 2024).

Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, et al. World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54: 1451–62.

習慣⑤　飲酒ー飲まない、飲んでも、控えめに

健康に配慮した飲酒に関するガイドライン　厚⽣労働省　https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/12200000/001211974.pdf(accessed May 29, 2024).

健康日本21（第三次） 厚生労働省　https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/kenkou_iryou/kenkou/kenkounippon21_00006.html(accessed May 25, 2024).

Simon L, Souza-Smith FM, Molina PE. Alcohol-Associated Tissue Injury: Current Views on Pathophysiological Mechanisms. Annu Rev Physiol 2022; 84: 87–112.

Simon L, Molina PE. Cellular Bioenergetics: Experimental Evidence for Alcohol-induced Adaptations. Function (Oxf) 2022; 3: zqac039.

Lin Y, Kikuchi S, Tamakoshi A, et al. Alcohol consumption and mortality among middle-aged and elderly Japanese men and women. Ann Epidemiol 2005; 15: 590–7.

Marugame T, Yamamoto S, Yoshimi I, Sobue T, Inoue M, Tsugane S. Patterns of alcohol drinking and all-cause mortality: Results from a large-scale population-based cohort study in Japan. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 165: 1039–46.

Roerecke M, Rehm J. Alcohol consumption, drinking patterns, and ischemic heart disease: a narrative review of meta-analyses and a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of heavy drinking occasions on risk for moderate drinkers. BMC Med 2014; 12: 182.

Zhang C, Qin Y-Y, Chen Q, et al. Alcohol intake and risk of stroke: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Cardiol 2014; 174: 669–77.

Ikehara S, Iso H. Alcohol consumption and risks of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in Japanese men and women. Hypertension Research. 2020; 43: 477–81.

Bagnardi V, Rota M, Botteri E, et al. Alcohol consumption and site-specific cancer risk: a comprehensive dose-response meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 2015; 112: 580–93.

Im PK, Millwood IY, Kartsonaki C, et al. Alcohol drinking and risks of total and site-specific cancers in China: A 10-year prospective study of 0.5 million adults. Int J Cancer 2021; 149: 522–34.

Roerecke M, Shield KD, Higuchi S, et al. Estimates of alcohol-related oesophageal cancer burden in Japan: systematic review and meta-analyses. Bull World Health Organ 2015; 93: 329-338C.

Deng W, Jin L, Zhuo H, Vasiliou V, Zhang Y. Alcohol consumption and risk of stomach cancer: A meta-analysis. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 336: 109365.

Wang Y-T, Gou Y-W, Jin W-W, Xiao M, Fang H-Y. Association between alcohol intake and the risk of pancreatic cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMC Cancer 2016; 16: 212.

Fedirko V, Tramacere I, Bagnardi V, et al. Alcohol drinking and colorectal cancer risk: an overall and dose-response meta-analysis of published studies. Ann Oncol 2011; 22: 1958–72.

Rota M, Pasquali E, Bellocco R, et al. Alcohol drinking and cutaneous melanoma risk: a systematic review and dose-risk meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol 2014; 170: 1021–8.

Zhang C, Zhong M. Consumption of beer and colorectal cancer incidence: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Cancer Causes and Control 2015; 26: 549–60.

Shield KD, Soerjomataram I, Rehm J. Alcohol Use and Breast Cancer: A Critical Review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2016; 40: 1166–81.

Sun Q, Xie W, Wang Y, et al. Alcohol consumption by beverage type and risk of breast cancer: A dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 2020; 55: 246–53.

Knott C, Bell S, Britton A. Alcohol consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and Dose-Response Meta-analysis of more than 1.9 million individuals from 38 observational studies. Diabetes Care 2015; 38: 1804–12.

Li XH, Yu FF, Zhou YH, He J. Association between alcohol consumption and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis1. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2016; 103: 818–29.

Han M. The Dose-Response Relationship between Alcohol Consumption and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes among Asian Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020: 1032049.

Rehm J, Taylor B, Mohapatra S, et al. Alcohol as a risk factor for liver cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2010; 29: 437–45.

Simpson RF, Hermon C, Liu B, et al. Alcohol drinking patterns and liver cirrhosis risk: analysis of the prospective UK Million Women Study. Lancet Public Health 2019; 4: e41–8.

Roerecke M, Vafaei A, Hasan OSM, et al. Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Liver Cirrhosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2019; 114: 1574–86.

Im PK, Millwood IY, Kartsonaki C, et al. Alcohol drinking and risks of liver cancer and non-neoplastic chronic liver diseases in China: a 10-year prospective study of 0.5 million adults. BMC Med 2021; 19: 216.

Mostofsky E, Chahal HS, Mukamal KJ, Rimm EB, Mittleman MA. Alcohol and Immediate Risk of Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Circulation 2016; 133: 979–87.

GBD 2020 Alcohol Collaborators. Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020. Lancet 2022; 400: 185–235.

図⑱出典

⽇本⾷品標準成分表 2020 年版（⼋訂）⽂部科学省 https://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/syokuhinseibun/mext_01110.html(accessed May 29, 2024).

習慣⑥　睡眠ー短すぎず、長すぎない良質な眠りを

健康づくりのための睡眠ガイド2023 厚⽣労働省　https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/kenkou_iryou/kenkou/suimin/index.html(accessed May 29, 2024).

Fabbri M, Beracci A, Martoni M, Meneo D, Tonetti L, Natale V. Measuring Subjective Sleep Quality: A Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18. DOI:10.3390/ijerph18031082.

Cudney LE, Frey BN, McCabe RE, Green SM. Investigating the relationship between objective measures of sleep and self-report sleep quality in healthy adults: a review. J Clin Sleep Med 2022; 18: 927–36.

Gallicchio L, Kalesan B. Sleep duration and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sleep Res 2009; 18: 148–58.

Cappuccio FP, D’Elia L, Strazzullo P, Miller MA. Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Sleep 2010; 33: 585–92.

Yin J, Jin X, Shan Z, et al. Relationship of Sleep Duration With All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6. DOI:10.1161/JAHA.117.005947.

Wang C, Bangdiwala SI, Rangarajan S, et al. Association of estimated sleep duration and naps with mortality and cardiovascular events: a study of 116 632 people from 21 countries. Eur Heart J 2019; 40: 1620–9.

Liu TZ, Xu C, Rota M, et al. Sleep duration and risk of all-cause mortality: A flexible, non-linear, meta-regression of 40 prospective cohort studies. Sleep Med Rev. 2017; 32: 28–36.

Krittanawong C, Tunhasiriwet A, Wang Z, et al. Association between short and long sleep durations and cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2019; 8: 762–70.

Qin Y, Liu R, Wang Y, et al. Self-Reported Sleep Characteristics Associated with Cardiovascular Disease Among Older Adults Living in Rural Eastern China: A Population-Based Study. Clin Interv Aging 2022; 17: 811–24.

Liu H, Chen G, Wen J, et al. Association between sleep duration and incidence of type 2 diabetes in China: the REACTION study. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135: 1242–8.

Zhou L, Yu K, Yang L, et al. Sleep duration, midday napping, and sleep quality and incident stroke: The Dongfeng-Tongji cohort. Neurology 2020; 94: e345–56.

Kwok CS, Kontopantelis E, Kuligowski G, et al. Self-Reported Sleep Duration and Quality and Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7: e008552.

Svensson T, Saito E, Svensson AK, et al. Association of Sleep Duration With All- and Major-Cause Mortality Among Adults in Japan, China, Singapore, and Korea. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4: e2122837.

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習慣⑦　日光対策ー日焼け対策をしつつ、日に当たる

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習慣⑧　口腔ケアーむし歯・歯周病をできるだけ減らす

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令和4年⻭科疾患実態調査　厚⽣労働省　https://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/list/dl/62-17b_r04.pdf(accessed May 29, 2024).

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Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf Juliano Pelim Pessan Heitor Marques Honório Jacob Martien ten Cate M. Impact of Fluoride in the Prevention of Caries and Erosion Buzalaf MAR (ed): Fluoride and the Oral Mechanisms of Action of Fluoride for Caries Control. 2011.

Rošin-Grget K, Peroš K, Sutej I, Bašić K. The cariostatic mechanisms of fluoride. Acta Med Acad. 2013; 42: 179–88.

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Walsh T, Worthington H V, Glenny A-M, Marinho VC, Jeroncic A. Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 3: CD007868.

一般社団法人 日本口腔衛生学会, 公益社団法人 日本小児歯科学会, 特定非営利活動法人 日本歯科保存学会, 一般社団法人 日本老年歯科医学会. ４学会合同のフッ化物配合歯磨剤の推奨される利用方法. 2023 https://www.kokuhoken.or.jp/jsdh/news/2023/news_230106.pdf (accessed May 29, 2024).

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Brushing Techniques. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine 2020; 7: 6601–11.

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Acar B, Berker E, Tan Ç, İlarslan YD, Tekçiçek M, Tezcan İ. Effects of oral prophylaxis including tongue cleaning on halitosis and gingival inflammation in gingivitis patients—a randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 23: 1829–36.

図⑲出典

Gonçalves AC de S, Martins MCN, Paula BL de, Weckwerth PH, Franzolin S de OB, Silveira EMV. A new technique for tongue brushing and halitosis reduction: the X technique. J Appl Oral Sci 2019; 27: e20180331.（https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/）

習慣⑨　温度対策ー「気温」を意識して、暮らす

Tansey EA, Johnson CD. Recent advances in thermoregulation. Adv Physiol Educ 2015; 39: 139–48.

Leon LR, Bouchama A. Heat stroke. Compr Physiol 2015; 5: 611–47.

Gauer R, Meyers BK. Heat-Related Illnesses. Am Fam Physician 2019; 99: 482–9.

Fujimoto Y, Matsuyama T, Morita S, et al. Indoor Versus Outdoor Occurrence in Mortality of Accidental Hypothermia in Japan: The J-Point Registry. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 2020; 10: 159–64.

Takauji S, Hifumi T, Saijo Y, et al. Accidental hypothermia: Factors related to a prolonged hospital stay – A nationwide observational study in Japan. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 2021; 47: 169–75.

Takauji S, Hifumi T, Saijo Y, et al. Accidental hypothermia: characteristics, outcomes, and prognostic factors-A nationwide observational study in Japan (Hypothermia study 2018 and 2019). Acute medicine & surgery 2021; 8: e694.

Epstein Y, Moran DS. Thermal comfort and the heat stress indices. Ind Health 2006; 44: 388–98.

周辺地域の熱環境改善とは. 環境省 https://www.env.go.jp/air/report/h16-13/02.pdf (accessed May 5, 2023).

Cold exposure and winter mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, and all causes in warm and cold regions of Europe. The Eurowinter Group. Lancet 1997; 349: 1341–6.

Asseng S, Spänkuch D, Hernandez-Ochoa IM, Laporta J. The upper temperature thresholds of life. Lancet Planet Health 2021; 5: e378–85.

WHO Housing and health guidelines. 2018 https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241550376 (accessed May 29, 2024).

Asseng S, Spänkuch D, Hernandez-Ochoa IM, Laporta J. The upper temperature thresholds of life. Lancet Planet Health 2021; 5: e378–85.

Malik A, Bongers C, McBain B, et al. The potential for indoor fans to change air conditioning use while maintaining human thermal comfort during hot weather: an analysis of energy demand and associated greenhouse gas emissions. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6: e301–9.

Morris NB, Jay O, Flouris AD, et al. Sustainable solutions to mitigate occupational heat strain – an umbrella review of physiological effects and global health perspectives. Environ Health 2020; 19: 95.

Périard JD, Travers GJS, Racinais S, Sawka MN. Cardiovascular adaptations supporting human exercise-heat acclimation. Auton Neurosci 2016; 196: 52–62.

Adams WM, Hosokawa Y, Casa DJ, et al. Roundtable on Preseason Heat Safety in Secondary School Athletics: Heat Acclimatization. J Athl Train 2021; 56: 352–61.

熱中症環境保健マニュアル 2022. 環境省. 2022; published online March. https://www.wbgt.env.go.jp/heatillness_manual.php (accessed May 29, 2024).

職場における熱中症予防対策マニュアル. 2021 https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/11200000/000636115.pdf (accessed May 29, 2024).

夏季のイベントにおける熱中症対策ガイドライン2020. 環境省. 2020; published online March. https://www.wbgt.env.go.jp/pdf/gline/heatillness_guideline_full.pdf (accessed May 29, 2024).

Castellani JW, Young AJ. Human physiological responses to cold exposure: Acute responses and acclimatization to prolonged exposure. Auton Neurosci 2016; 196: 63–74.

Yurkevicius BR, Alba BK, Seeley AD, Castellani JW. Human cold habituation: Physiology, timeline, and modifiers. Temperature (Austin) 2022; 9: 122–57.

Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. Approved American National Standard, 2020 https://www.ashrae.org/file%20library/technical%20resources/standards%20and%20guidelines/standards%20addenda/55_2017_d_20200731.pdf (accessed May 5, 2023).

家庭でできる節電アクション. 環境省. https://ondankataisaku.env.go.jp/coolchoice/setsuden/home/saving03.html (accessed May 29, 2024).

WARMBIZ　ウォームビズ（WARMBIZ）とは. 環境省. https://ondankataisaku.env.go.jp/coolchoice/warmbiz/about/ (accessed May 29, 2024).

COOLBIZ. 環境省. https://ondankataisaku.env.go.jp/coolchoice/coolbiz/ (accessed May 29, 2024).

WARMBIZ. 環境省 https://ondankataisaku.env.go.jp/coolchoice/warmbiz/ (accessed May 29, 2024).

建築物における衛生的環境の確保に関する法律施行規則（昭和四十六年厚生省令第二号）https://elaws.e-gov.go.jp/document?lawid=346M50000100002_20231227_505M60000100165　(accessed May 29, 2024).

熱中症特別警戒情報（熱中症特別警戒アラート）・熱中症警戒情報（熱中症警戒アラート）　環境省　https://www.wbgt.env.go.jp/alert.php(accessed May 29, 2024).

日本スポーツ協会『スポーツ活動中の熱中症予防ガイドブック 第５版　https://www.japan-sports.or.jp/Portals/0/data/supoken/doc/heatstroke/heatstroke_0531.pdf(accessed May 29, 2024).

日常生活における熱中症予防指針 Ｖｅｒ．４　日本生気象学会　https://seikishou.jp/cms/wp-content/uploads/20220523-v4.pdf(accessed May 29, 2024).

習慣⑩　予防接種ー状況に応じて、接種を考える

Ozisik L, Tanriover MD, Rigby S, Unal S. ADVICE for a healthier life: Adult Vaccination Campaign in Europe. Eur J Intern Med. 2016; 33: 14–20.

Brenzel L, Wolfson LJ, Fox-Rushby J, Miller M, Halsey NA. Vaccine-preventable Diseases. 2006.

予防接種情報　予防接種に関する基本的な計画. 厚生労働省. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/kenkou_iryou/kenkou/kekkaku-kansenshou/kihonteki_keikaku/index.html (accessed May 29, 2024).

予防接種法（昭和二十三年法律第六十八号）. https://elaws.e-gov.go.jp/document?lawid=323AC0000000068 (accessed May 29, 2024).

図⑳出典

予防接種情報. 厚生労働省. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/kenkou_iryou/kenkou/kekkaku-kansenshou/yobou-sesshu/index.html (accessed May 29, 2024).

麻しんに関する特定感染症予防指針, 平成31年４月19日一部改正・適用. 厚生労働省, 2019 https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/000503060.pdf (accessed May 29, 2024).

風しんに関する特定感染症予防指針, 平成29年12月21日一部改正・平成30年1月1日適用. 厚生労働省, 2017 https://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/06-Seisakujouhou-10900000-Kenkoukyoku/0000186690.pdf (accessed May 29, 2024).

日本脳炎ワクチンに関するQ&A, 平成28年3月改訂版. 厚生労働省, 2016 https://www.mhlw.go.jp/bunya/kenkou/kekkaku-kansenshou21/dl/nouen_qa.pdf (accessed May 29, 2024).

日本小児科学会が推奨する予防接種スケジュール. 日本小児科学会. https://www.jpeds.or.jp/modules/activity/index.php?content_id=138 (accessed May 29, 2024).

日本小児科学会の「知っておきたいワクチン情報」（日本版Vaccine information statement（VIS））. 日本小児科学会. https://www.jpeds.or.jp/modules/activity/index.php?content_id=263 (accessed May 29, 2024).

赤ちゃんとお母さんの感染予防対策5ヶ条について. 2013年5月29日改訂　日本周産期・新生児医学会, 日本小児科学会, 日本産科婦人科学会, 日本産婦人科医会. https://www.jspnm.com/topics/data/topics20130515%EF%BC%A1.pdf (accessed May 29, 2024).

日本産科婦人科学会, 日本産婦人科医会, editors. 産婦人科診療ガイドラインー産科編 2020. 日本産婦人科学会事務局, 2020 https://www.jsog.or.jp/activity/pdf/gl_sanka_2020.pdf (accessed May 29, 2024).

砂川　富正, 河上　祥一, 神谷  元, 八幡裕一郎, 小林　祐介, 土橋　酉紀. 妊婦における百日咳含有ワクチン接種の知識・態度と ワクチン接種行動に関する研究報告書. https://mhlw-grants.niph.go.jp/system/files/2016/162111/201617016A_upload/201617016A0016.pdf (accessed May 29, 2024).

海外渡航のためのワクチン（予防接種）. 厚生労働省検疫所FORTH. https://www.forth.go.jp/moreinfo/topics/useful_vaccination.html (accessed May 29, 2024).

第14回厚生科学審議会予防接種・ワクチン分科会予防接種基本方針部会ワクチン評価に関する小委員会　議事録. 厚生労働省. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_08371.html (accessed May 29, 2024).

厚生科学審議会 予防接種・ワクチン分科会 予防接種基本方針部会, ワクチン評価に関する小委員会. 百日咳による乳児の重症化予防を目的とした、百日せきワクチンを含む混合ワクチンの接種開始時期の前倒しについての議論のとりまとめ . 2022 https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_28145.html (accessed May 29, 2024).

医療関係者のためのワクチンガイドライン第3版 一般社団法人 日本環境感染学会 http://www.kankyokansen.org/uploads/uploads/files/jsipc/vaccine-guideline_03(3).pdf(accessed May 29, 2024).

１０の習慣がもたらす「付加価値」とは

Khan SS, Singer BD, Vaughan DE. Molecular and physiological manifestations and measurement of aging in humans. Aging Cell 2017; 16: 624–33.

Hamczyk MR, Nevado RM, Barettino A, Fuster V, Andrés V. Biological Versus Chronological Aging: JACC Focus Seminar. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 75: 919–30.

McPhee JS, French DP, Jackson D, Nazroo J, Pendleton N, Degens H. Physical activity in older age: perspectives for healthy ageing and frailty. Biogerontology 2016; 17: 567–80.

Ni Lochlainn M, Cox NJ, Wilson T, et al. Nutrition and Frailty: Opportunities for Prevention and Treatment. Nutrients 2021; 13. DOI:10.3390/nu13072349.

Curtis E, Litwic A, Cooper C, Dennison E. Determinants of Muscle and Bone Aging. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230: 2618–25.

Distefano G, Goodpaster BH. Effects of Exercise and Aging on Skeletal Muscle. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8. DOI:10.1101/cshperspect.a029785.

Rossman MJ, LaRocca TJ, Martens CR, Seals DR. Healthy lifestyle-based approaches for successful vascular aging. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125: 1888–900.

Wong QYA, Chew FT. Defining skin aging and its risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11: 22075.

Nanzadsuren T, Myatav T, Dorjkhuu A, et al. Skin aging risk factors: A nationwide population study in Mongolia risk factors of skin aging. PLoS One 2022; 17: e0249506.

Hoogendijk EO, Afilalo J, Ensrud KE, Kowal P, Onder G, Fried LP. Frailty: implications for clinical practice and public health. The Lancet. 2019; 394: 1365–75.

Nascimento CM, Ingles M, Salvador-Pascual A, Cominetti MR, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Viña J. Sarcopenia, frailty and their prevention by exercise. Free Radic Biol Med. 2019; 132: 42–9.

Woolford SJ, Sohan O, Dennison EM, Cooper C, Patel HP. Approaches to the diagnosis and prevention of frailty. Aging Clin Exp Res 2020; 32: 1629–37.

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「１０の習慣」にも限界はある。でもー

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